Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk among Residents of Los Angeles County

Manuscript received 10 April 1997. Initial reviews completed 10 July 1997. Revision accepted 8 December 1997.

Catherine L. Carpenter^*, , Hal Morgenstern, and Stephanie J. London^{*, **,}

^* Department of Preventive Medicine, USC School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033;  Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772; and ^** National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Although studies generally support a positive association between alcohol consumption and lung-cancer risk, the relationship between specific alcoholic beverages and lung-cancer risk has been inconsistent. We examined recent and past alcoholic beverage intake among 261 incident cases and 615 population controls enrolled in a lung-cancer case-control study of African Americans and Caucasians in Los Angeles County between 1991 and 1994. An in-person interview elicited information about past alcohol intake from ages 30 to 40 y, smoking, other lung-cancer risk factors, as well as recent intake of alcohol, and recent dietary intake. An association was observed between recent hard-liquor consumption and lung-cancer risk. The odds ratio (OR) for 1 or more drinks (1.5 oz or 0.051 mL) per day of hard liquor compared with infrequent liquor drinking (0-3 drinks per month), adjusted for smoking, the matching factors, saturated fat and other alcoholic beverages was 1.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-3.42]. No appreciable association was observed for total alcohol, whereas small inverse associations were observed for beer and wine, although confidence intervals were wide. An elevated lung-cancer risk was also observed for past liquor consumption (between ages 30 and 40 y). The adjusted OR for 1 or more drinks per day of liquor compared with infrequent drinkers was 1.83 (95% CI = 1.06-3.15). Confounding of the association between alcohol and lung cancer by smoking was apparent. Although we devoted considerable efforts to adjusting for smoking in our analyses, residual confounding is still possible because smoking and alcohol are closely associated. In addition, case-control studies including this study should be viewed with caution because of possible selection bias. An increased risk of lung cancer might occur with moderate drinking of hard liquor but confirmation is required in larger studies.

The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 4 April 1998, pp. 694-700
Copyright ©1998 by the American Society for Nutritional Sciences

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