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Glutamine Metabolism and Transport in Skeletal Muscle and Heart and Their Clinical Relevance^1,2,

Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom

The glutamine and glutamate transporters in skeletal muscle and heart appear to play a role in control of the steady-state concentration of amino acids in the intracellular space and, in the case of skeletal muscle at least, in the rate of loss of glutamine to the plasma and to other organs and tissues. This article reviews what is currently known about transporter characteristics and mechanisms in skeletal muscle and heart, the alterations in transport activity in pathophysiological conditions and the implications for anabolic processes and cardiac function of altering the availability of glutamine. The possibilities that glutamine pool size is part of an osmotic signaling mechanism to regulate whole body protein metabolism is discussed and evidence is shown from work on cultured muscle cells. The possible uses of glutamine in maintaining cardiac function perioperatively and in promoting glycogen metabolism are discussed.

KEY WORDS: • glutamine • glutamate • transport

¹ Presented as part of the Symposium: "Glutamine Nutrition and Metabolism: Bridging Clinical Medicine and Basic Science" given at the Experimental Biology '95 meeting, Atlanta, GA, on April 13, 1995. This symposium was sponsored by the American Institute of Nutrition and supported in part by Ross Laboratories. Guest editor for the symposium publication was Josef Neu, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

² Supported by the Medical Research Council, The Wellcome TRust, The British Heart Foundation, the University of Dundee, Tenovus Teyside and a local anonymous trust.

³ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom.

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