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Regulation of Lipid Metabolism in the Rumen¹

Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634

Lipid added to animal diets can affect productive efficiency through a combination of caloric and regulatory effects. Any attempt to improve productive efficiency of ruminants by modifying the amount or composition of lipid added to the diet must take into account ruminal metabolism of lipids. The caloric value of lipid is changed little as it passes through the rumen, but the greater concern is the possible negative effect of lipid on the energy value of the basal diet. Limiting unsaturated fatty acids fed to ruminants to just a few percent of the diet to avoid digestive disturbances, combined with extensive hydrogenation by ruminal microbes, maintains only small quantities of unsaturated fatty acids in duodenal contents. However, in some studies, lipid added to ruminant diets has invoked metabolic changes that were not attributable to caloric effects. These metabolic changes suggest that the rumen does not maintain digesta flow with constant lipid composition in all circumstances. Variations in rumen outflow of biohydrogenation intermediates and microbial lipids are as great, or greater in some situations, than unsaturated fatty acids. Diet characteristics, such as amount of grain or unsaturated lipid, can substantially alter the nature of fatty acids absorbed from the duodenum and deposited in animal tissues.

KEY WORDS: • ruminants • lipid metabolism • regulation • rumen

¹ Presented as part of the 34th Annual Ruminant Nutrition Conference: Regulating Lipid Metabolism to Increase Productive Efficiency, given at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, New Orleans, LA, March 28, 1993. This conference was sponsored by the American Institute of Nutrition and was supported by grants from Agway Inc.; Cargill, Nutrena Feed Division; Carolina By-Products, Inc.; Church & Dwight Co. Inc.; Farmland Industries, Inc.; Hoffman La Roche, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company, Inc.; Merck, Inc.; Purina Mills Inc.; Rhone-Poulenc Animal Nutrition: SmithKline Beecham Animal Health; Syntex Research; and The Upjohn Company. Guest editor for this symposium was Carl L. Davis, professor emeritus, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801.

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