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Dietary Arachidonate Enhances Tissue Arachidonate Levels and Eicosanoid Production in Syrian Hamsters^1,2,3,

Jay Whelan⁴, Marc E. Surette^*,5, Ingibjorg Hardardóttir^*,6, Guoping Lu^*,7, Karen A. Golemboski⁸, Elaine Larsen^*,9 and John E. Kinsella^,10

Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 ^* Lipids Research Laboratory, Institute of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Lipids Research Group, Cruess Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

Eicosanoids are oxidative derivatives of arachidonic acid. When produced in excess many of them are proinflammatory agents. This study investigates whether dietary arachidonic acid enhances arachidonic acid phospholipid content of various tissues and whether this enrichment increases eicosanoid production. Male Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups and fed diets supplemented with ethyl esters of oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid. Differences in the composition of the phospholipid fatty acids were monitored in liver, lung, heart, spleen, kidney, testes, macrophages and platelets. In all tissues analyzed, the phospholipid content of arachidonic acid was significantly higher in the arachidonic dietary group compared with all other dietary groups (average >50% higher). In contrast, increasing dietary linoleic acid by 50% had little effect on altering tissue arachidonic acid levels. Following in vitro stimulation, macrophages and platelets from animals maintained on arachidonic acid produced, in general, the highest levels of eicosanoids compared with cells from animals fed the other diets. Significant differences were observed in prostaglandin E₂ (macrophages) and thromboxane B₂ (platelets) formation when compared with the oleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid dietary groups. The data demonstrate that including low to moderate levels of arachidonic acid in the diet increases macrophage and platelet arachidonic acid levels and may augment eicosanoid production.

KEY WORDS: • arachidonic acid • eicosanoids • eicosapentaenoic acid • hamsters • (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids

¹ Presented in part at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, April 1992, Anaheim, CA [Whelan, J., Surette, M. E., Hardardottir, I., Lu, G.-P., Larsen, E. & Kinsella, J. E. (1992) Arachidonic, linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids: comparison of dietary effects on lipid and eicosanoid metabolism in the syrian hamster. FASEB J. 6: A1370 (abs. 2510)].

² Supported in part by grants from Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board, New York Sea Grant Institute (to J.E.K.) and the Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (to J. W.).

³ The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 USC section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

⁴ To whom correspondence should be addressed.

⁵ Current address: Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste. Foy, Quebec, Canada.

⁶ Current address: University of California, Department of Medicine, V.A. Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121.

⁷ Current address: Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103.

⁸ Current address: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.

⁹ Current address: Human Nutrition Research Center, Boston, MA 02111.

¹⁰ Condolences are extended by the authors to the family, friends and colleagues of Dr. John E. Kinsella following his recent passing.

Manuscript received 22 March 1993. Initial review completed 21 April 1993. Revision accepted 13 August 1993.

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