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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034 * Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
For sixteen years, the American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets, AIN-76 and AIN-76A, have been used extensively around the world. Because of numerous nutritional and technical problems encountered with the diet during this period, it was revised. Two new formulations were derived: AIN-93G for growth, pregnancy and lactation, and AIN-93M for adult maintenance. Some major differences in the new formulation of AIN-93G compared with AIN-76A are as follows: 7 g soybean oil/100 g diet was substituted for 5 g corn oil/100 g diet to increase the amount of linolenic acid; cornstarch was substituted for sucrose; the amount of phosphorus was reduced to help eliminate the problem of kidney calcification in female rats; L-cystine was substituted for DL-methionine as the amino acid supplement for casein, known to be deficient in the sulfur amino acids; manganese concentration was lowered to one-fifth the amount in the old diet; the amounts of vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin B-12 were increased; and molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium were added to the mineral mix. For the AIN-93M maintenance diet, the amount of fat was lowered to 40 g/kg diet from 70 g/kg diet, and the amount of casein to 140 g/kg from 200 g/kg in the AIN-93G diet. Because of a better balance of essential nutrients, the AIN-93 diets may prove to be a better choice than AIN-76A for long-term as well as short-term studies with laboratory rodents.
KEY WORDS: • purified diet • nutrient requirements • rats • mice
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M. D. Thompson, H. J. Thompson, M. A. Brick, J. N. McGinley, W. Jiang, Z. Zhu, and P. Wolfe Mechanisms Associated with Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Rat Mammary Carcinogenesis by Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) J. Nutr., November 1, 2008; 138(11): 2091 - 2097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Y. Jiang, S. M. Sacco, and W. E. Ward Ovariectomy-Induced Hyperphagia Does Not Modulate Bone Mineral Density or Bone Strength in Rats J. Nutr., November 1, 2008; 138(11): 2106 - 2110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Wastney and W. A. House Development of a Compartmental Model of Zinc Kinetics in Mice J. Nutr., November 1, 2008; 138(11): 2148 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Marzani, M. Balage, A. Venien, T. Astruc, I. Papet, D. Dardevet, and L. Mosoni Antioxidant Supplementation Restores Defective Leucine Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle from Old Rats J. Nutr., November 1, 2008; 138(11): 2205 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Zhou, R. J. Martin, R. T. Tulley, A. M. Raggio, K. L. McCutcheon, L. Shen, S. C. Danna, S. Tripathy, M. Hegsted, and M. J. Keenan Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2008; 295(5): E1160 - E1166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. van Wijk, E. Rijntjes, and B. J. M. van de Heijning Perinatal and chronic hypothyroidism impair behavioural development in male and female rats Exp Physiol, November 1, 2008; 93(11): 1199 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-X. Xu, H. Jin, H.-T. Lim, J.-E. Kim, J.-Y. Shin, E.-S. Lee, Y.-S. Chung, Y.-S. Lee, G. Beck Jr, K. H. Lee, et al. High dietary inorganic phosphate enhances cap-dependent protein translation, cell-cycle progression, and angiogenesis in the livers of young mice Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): G654 - G663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Robbez Masson, A. Lucas, A.-M. Gueugneau, J.-P. Macaire, J.-L. Paul, A. Grynberg, and D. Rousseau Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prevent Metabolic and Vascular Disorders in Fructose-Fed Rats J. Nutr., October 1, 2008; 138(10): 1915 - 1922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Hada, M. Kobayashi, M. Fujiyoshi, A. Ishikawa, M. Kuga, M. Nishimura, S. Ebihara, T. Ohno, and F. Horio Quantitative trait loci for impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic SM/J and A/J mice Physiol Genomics, September 17, 2008; 35(1): 65 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. da Silva Faria, F. de Bittencourt Brasil, F. J B Sampaio, and C. da Fonte Ramos Maternal malnutrition during lactation alters the folliculogenesis and gonadotropins and estrogen isoforms ovarian receptors in the offspring at puberty J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2008; 198(3): 625 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Kassie, I. Matise, M. Negia, D. Lahti, Y. Pan, R. Scherber, P. Upadhyaya, and S. S. Hecht Combinations of N-Acetyl-S-(N-2-Phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-L-Cysteine and myo-Inositol Inhibit Tobacco Carcinogen-Induced Lung Adenocarcinoma in Mice Cancer Prevention Research, September 1, 2008; 1(4): 285 - 297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Hageman, C. Severijnen, B. J. M. van de Heijning, H. Bouritius, N. van Wijk, K. van Laere, and E. M. van der Beek A Specific Blend of Intact Protein Rich in Aspartate Has Strong Postprandial Glucose Attenuating Properties in Rats J. Nutr., September 1, 2008; 138(9): 1634 - 1640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Gross, J. Wildner, A. Schonewille, J. L. W. Rademaker, R. van der Meer, and J. Snel Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Does Not Counteract Unfavorable Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Changes in the Rat Intestinal Microbiota Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 15, 2008; 74(16): 5244 - 5249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Igarashi, K. Ma, L. Chang, J. M. Bell, and S. I. Rapoport Rat heart cannot synthesize docosahexaenoic acid from circulating {alpha}-linolenic acid because it lacks elongase-2 J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2008; 49(8): 1735 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Hunt, C. D. Hunt, C. A. Zito, J. P. Idso, and L. K. Johnson Calcium Requirements of Growing Rats Based on Bone Mass, Structure, or Biomechanical Strength Are Similar J. Nutr., August 1, 2008; 138(8): 1462 - 1468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. T. Johnson and C. M. Anderson Cardiac Cytochrome c Oxidase Activity and Contents of Subunits 1 and 4 Are Altered in Offspring by Low Prenatal Copper Intake by Rat Dams J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1269 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Fardet, R. Llorach, A. Orsoni, J.-F. Martin, E. Pujos-Guillot, C. Lapierre, and A. Scalbert Metabolomics Provide New Insight on the Metabolism of Dietary Phytochemicals in Rats J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1282 - 1287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. McClung, N. E. Andersen, T. N. Tarr, C. H. Stahl, and A. J. Young Physical Activity Prevents Augmented Body Fat Accretion in Moderately Iron-Deficient Rats J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1293 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Rogero, J. Tirapegui, M. A. R. Vinolo, M. C. Borges, I. A. de Castro, I. S. d. O. Pires, and P. Borelli Dietary Glutamine Supplementation Increases the Activity of Peritoneal Macrophages and Hemopoiesis in Early-Weaned Mice Inoculated with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1343 - 1348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-K. Park, G. P. Page, K. Kim, D. B. Allison, M. Meydani, R. Weindruch, and T. A. Prolla {alpha}- and {gamma}-Tocopherol Prevent Age-Related Transcriptional Alterations in the Heart and Brain of Mice J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1010 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Zemel and X. Sun Dietary Calcium and Dairy Products Modulate Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress in Mice and Humans J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1047 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Fleet, C. Gliniak, Z. Zhang, Y. Xue, K. B. Smith, R. McCreedy, and S. A. Adedokun Serum Metabolite Profiles and Target Tissue Gene Expression Define the Effect of Cholecalciferol Intake on Calcium Metabolism in Rats and Mice J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1114 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Archer, J. K. Stiles, G. W. Newman, A. Quarshie, L. L. Hsu, P. Sayavongsa, J. Perry, E. M. Jackson, and J. M. Hibbert C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Are Decreased in Transgenic Sickle Cell Mice Fed a High Protein Diet J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1148 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Kobayashi, R. J. Barnard, J. Said, J. Hong-Gonzalez, D. M. Corman, M. Ku, N. B. Doan, D. Gui, D. Elashoff, P. Cohen, et al. Effect of Low-Fat Diet on Development of Prostate Cancer and Akt Phosphorylation in the Hi-Myc Transgenic Mouse Model Cancer Res., April 15, 2008; 68(8): 3066 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Baek, A. A. Barlow, M. R. Allen, and S. A. Bloomfield Food restriction and simulated microgravity: effects on bone and serum leptin J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2008; 104(4): 1086 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Knock, L. Deng, Q. Wu, A. K. Lawrance, X.-l. Wang, and R. Rozen Strain Differences in Mice Highlight the Role of DNA Damage in Neoplasia Induced by Low Dietary Folate J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 653 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kotsopoulos, K.-J. Sohn, and Y.-I. Kim Postweaning Dietary Folate Deficiency Provided through Childhood to Puberty Permanently Increases Genomic DNA Methylation in Adult Rat Liver J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 703 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. N. Stemm, J. C. Tharappel, H.-J. Lehmler, C. Srinivasan, J. S. Morris, V. L. Spate, L. W. Robertson, B. T. Spear, and H. P. Glauert Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Promotion of Hepatocarcinogenesis by 3,3', 4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl Exp Biol Med, March 1, 2008; 233(3): 366 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Kassie, L. B. Anderson, L. Higgins, Y. Pan, I. Matise, M. Negia, P. Upadhyaya, M. Wang, and S. S. Hecht Chemopreventive agents modulate the protein expression profile of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone plus benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tumors in A/J mice Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2008; 29(3): 610 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Y. Arikawa and D. D. Gallaher Cruciferous Vegetables Reduce Morphological Markers of Colon Cancer Risk in Dimethylhydrazine-Treated Rats J. Nutr., March 1, 2008; 138(3): 526 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-K. Kim, L. Wassef, L. Hamberger, R. Piantedosi, K. Palczewski, W. S. Blaner, and L. Quadro Retinyl Ester Formation by Lecithin:Retinol Acyltransferase Is a Key Regulator of Retinoid Homeostasis in Mouse Embryogenesis J. Biol. Chem., February 29, 2008; 283(9): 5611 - 5621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Morris, K. M. Hawthorne, T. Hotze, S. A. Abrams, and K. D. Hirschi Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots PNAS, February 5, 2008; 105(5): 1431 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Singhal, K. Shankar, T. M. Badger, and M. J. Ronis Estrogenic status modulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor--mediated hepatic gene expression and carcinogenicity Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2008; 29(2): 227 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Liu, Q. Wang, H. Guo, M. Xia, Q. Yuan, Y. Hu, H. Zhu, M. Hou, J. Ma, Z. Tang, et al. Plasma S-Adenosylhomocysteine Is a Better Biomarker of Atherosclerosis Than Homocysteine in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed High Dietary Methionine J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 311 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Ney, A. K. Hull, S. C. van Calcar, X. Liu, and M. R. Etzel Dietary Glycomacropeptide Supports Growth and Reduces the Concentrations of Phenylalanine in Plasma and Brain in a Murine Model of Phenylketonuria J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 316 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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