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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034 * Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
For sixteen years, the American Institute of Nutrition Rodent Diets, AIN-76 and AIN-76A, have been used extensively around the world. Because of numerous nutritional and technical problems encountered with the diet during this period, it was revised. Two new formulations were derived: AIN-93G for growth, pregnancy and lactation, and AIN-93M for adult maintenance. Some major differences in the new formulation of AIN-93G compared with AIN-76A are as follows: 7 g soybean oil/100 g diet was substituted for 5 g corn oil/100 g diet to increase the amount of linolenic acid; cornstarch was substituted for sucrose; the amount of phosphorus was reduced to help eliminate the problem of kidney calcification in female rats; L-cystine was substituted for DL-methionine as the amino acid supplement for casein, known to be deficient in the sulfur amino acids; manganese concentration was lowered to one-fifth the amount in the old diet; the amounts of vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin B-12 were increased; and molybdenum, silicon, fluoride, nickel, boron, lithium and vanadium were added to the mineral mix. For the AIN-93M maintenance diet, the amount of fat was lowered to 40 g/kg diet from 70 g/kg diet, and the amount of casein to 140 g/kg from 200 g/kg in the AIN-93G diet. Because of a better balance of essential nutrients, the AIN-93 diets may prove to be a better choice than AIN-76A for long-term as well as short-term studies with laboratory rodents.
KEY WORDS: • purified diet • nutrient requirements • rats • mice
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J. C. Fleet, C. Gliniak, Z. Zhang, Y. Xue, K. B. Smith, R. McCreedy, and S. A. Adedokun Serum Metabolite Profiles and Target Tissue Gene Expression Define the Effect of Cholecalciferol Intake on Calcium Metabolism in Rats and Mice J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1114 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Archer, J. K. Stiles, G. W. Newman, A. Quarshie, L. L. Hsu, P. Sayavongsa, J. Perry, E. M. Jackson, and J. M. Hibbert C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Are Decreased in Transgenic Sickle Cell Mice Fed a High Protein Diet J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1148 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. B. Carvalho, L. F. Quintanilha, J. V. Dias, B. D. Paredes, E. G. Mannheimer, F. G. Carvalho, K. D. Asensi, B. Gutfilen, L. M. B. Fonseca, C. M. C. Resende, et al. Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Do Not Reduce Fibrosis or Improve Function in a Rat Model of Severe Chronic Liver Injury Stem Cells, May 1, 2008; 26(5): 1307 - 1314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Kobayashi, R. J. Barnard, J. Said, J. Hong-Gonzalez, D. M. Corman, M. Ku, N. B. Doan, D. Gui, D. Elashoff, P. Cohen, et al. Effect of Low-Fat Diet on Development of Prostate Cancer and Akt Phosphorylation in the Hi-Myc Transgenic Mouse Model Cancer Res., April 15, 2008; 68(8): 3066 - 3073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Baek, A. A. Barlow, M. R. Allen, and S. A. Bloomfield Food restriction and simulated microgravity: effects on bone and serum leptin J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2008; 104(4): 1086 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Knock, L. Deng, Q. Wu, A. K. Lawrance, X.-l. Wang, and R. Rozen Strain Differences in Mice Highlight the Role of DNA Damage in Neoplasia Induced by Low Dietary Folate J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 653 - 658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kotsopoulos, K.-J. Sohn, and Y.-I. Kim Postweaning Dietary Folate Deficiency Provided through Childhood to Puberty Permanently Increases Genomic DNA Methylation in Adult Rat Liver J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 703 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. N. Stemm, J. C. Tharappel, H.-J. Lehmler, C. Srinivasan, J. S. Morris, V. L. Spate, L. W. Robertson, B. T. Spear, and H. P. Glauert Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Promotion of Hepatocarcinogenesis by 3,3', 4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2', 4,4', 5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2008; 233(3): 366 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Kassie, L. B. Anderson, L. Higgins, Y. Pan, I. Matise, M. Negia, P. Upadhyaya, M. Wang, and S. S. Hecht Chemopreventive agents modulate the protein expression profile of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone plus benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tumors in A/J mice Carcinogenesis, March 1, 2008; 29(3): 610 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Y. Arikawa and D. D. Gallaher Cruciferous Vegetables Reduce Morphological Markers of Colon Cancer Risk in Dimethylhydrazine-Treated Rats J. Nutr., March 1, 2008; 138(3): 526 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y.-K. Kim, L. Wassef, L. Hamberger, R. Piantedosi, K. Palczewski, W. S. Blaner, and L. Quadro Retinyl Ester Formation by Lecithin:Retinol Acyltransferase Is a Key Regulator of Retinoid Homeostasis in Mouse Embryogenesis J. Biol. Chem., February 29, 2008; 283(9): 5611 - 5621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Morris, K. M. Hawthorne, T. Hotze, S. A. Abrams, and K. D. Hirschi Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots PNAS, February 5, 2008; 105(5): 1431 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Singhal, K. Shankar, T. M. Badger, and M. J. Ronis Estrogenic status modulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor--mediated hepatic gene expression and carcinogenicity Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2008; 29(2): 227 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Liu, Q. Wang, H. Guo, M. Xia, Q. Yuan, Y. Hu, H. Zhu, M. Hou, J. Ma, Z. Tang, et al. Plasma S-Adenosylhomocysteine Is a Better Biomarker of Atherosclerosis Than Homocysteine in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Fed High Dietary Methionine J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 311 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Ney, A. K. Hull, S. C. van Calcar, X. Liu, and M. R. Etzel Dietary Glycomacropeptide Supports Growth and Reduces the Concentrations of Phenylalanine in Plasma and Brain in a Murine Model of Phenylketonuria J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 316 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Bruno, C. E. Dugan, J. A. Smyth, D. A. DiNatale, and S. I. Koo Green Tea Extract Protects Leptin-Deficient, Spontaneously Obese Mice from Hepatic Steatosis and Injury J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 323 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nagarajan, R. L. Burris, B. W. Stewart, J. E. Wilkerson, and T. M. Badger Dietary Soy Protein Isolate Ameliorates Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Potentially by Inhibiting Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 332 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Bunpo, B. Murray, J. Cundiff, E. Brizius, C. J. Aldrich, and T. G. Anthony Alanyl-Glutamine Consumption Modifies the Suppressive Effect of L-Asparaginase on Lymphocyte Populations in Mice J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 338 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. H. Baker Animal Models in Nutrition Research J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 391 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. C. Lee, F. Bhora, J. Sun, G. Cheng, E. Arguiri, C. C. Solomides, S. Chatterjee, and M. Christofidou-Solomidou Dietary flaxseed enhances antioxidant defenses and is protective in a mouse model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): L255 - L265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. C. Lisboa, A. T. S. Fagundes, A. T. A. Denolato, E. Oliveira, I. T. Bonomo, S. B. Alves, F. H. Curty, M. C. F. Passos, and E. G. Moura Neonatal Low-Protein Diet Changes Deiodinase Activities and Pituitary TSH Response to TRH in Adult Rats Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2008; 233(1): 57 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. L. Bourque, M. Komolova, K. Nakatsu, and M. A. Adams Long-Term Circulatory Consequences of Perinatal Iron Deficiency in Male Wistar Rats Hypertension, January 1, 2008; 51(1): 154 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. H. Lin and N. Salem Jr. Whole body distribution of deuterated linoleic and {alpha}-linolenic acids and their metabolites in the rat J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2007; 48(12): 2709 - 2724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Rowling, C. Gliniak, J. Welsh, and J. C. Fleet High Dietary Vitamin D Prevents Hypocalcemia and Osteomalacia in CYP27B1 Knockout Mice J. Nutr., December 1, 2007; 137(12): 2608 - 2615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. E. Edison, M. E. Brosnan, C. Meyer, and J. T. Brosnan Creatine synthesis: production of guanidinoacetate by the rat and human kidney in vivo Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): F1799 - F1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Igarashi, K. Ma, L. Chang, J. M. Bell, and S. I. Rapoport Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation for 15 weeks upregulates elongase and desaturase expression in rat liver but not brain J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 2463 - 2470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Jin, S.-H. Chang, C.-X. Xu, J.-Y. Shin, Y.-S. Chung, S.-J. Park, Y.-S. Lee, G.-H. An, K.-H. Lee, and M.-H. Cho High Dietary Inorganic Phosphate Affects Lung through Altering Protein Translation, Cell Cycle, and Angiogenesis in Developing Mice Toxicol. Sci., November 1, 2007; 100(1): 215 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Toden, A. R. Bird, D. L. Topping, and M. A. Conlon High red meat diets induce greater numbers of colonic DNA double-strand breaks than white meat in rats: attenuation by high-amylose maize starch Carcinogenesis, November 1, 2007; 28(11): 2355 - 2362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Levant, M. K. Ozias, and S. E. Carlson Diet (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content and Parity Affect Liver and Erythrocyte Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Female Rats J. Nutr., November 1, 2007; 137(11): 2425 - 2430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Guarner Studies with Inulin-Type Fructans on Intestinal Infections, Permeability, and Inflammation J. Nutr., November 1, 2007; 137(11): 2568S - 2571S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D.M. Salvatori, M. Gonzalez-Fesler, A. Weisstaub, M.L. Portela, and S.M. Alzamora Uptake Kinetics and Absorption of Calcium in Apple Matrices Food Science and Technology International, October 1, 2007; 13(5): 333 - 340. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S.-C. Yang, S.-M. Liu, H.-Y. Yang, Y.-H. Lin, and J.-R. Chen Soybean Protein Hydrolysate Improves Plasma and Liver Lipid Profiles in Rats Fed High-Cholesterol Diet J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 26(5): 416 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Ross and N.-q. Li Lung Retinyl Ester Is Low in Young Adult Rats Fed a Vitamin A Deficient Diet after Weaning, despite Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation and Maintenance of Normal Plasma Retinol J. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 137(10): 2213 - 2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Misikangas, A.-M. Pajari, E. Paivarinta, S. I. Oikarinen, J. Rajakangas, M. Marttinen, H. Tanayama, R. Torronen, and M. Mutanen Three Nordic Berries Inhibit Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Multiple Intestinal Neoplasia/+ Mice by Modulating {beta}-Catenin Signaling in the Tumor and Transcription in the Mucosa J. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 137(10): 2285 - 2290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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