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Dietary Fat and Fiber Alter Rat Colonic Mucosal Lipid Mediators and Cell Proliferation^{1, 2, 3,}

Department of Animal Science and the Graduate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471

To better understand the biochemical mechanisms by which dietary fat and fiber modulate colonic cell proliferation, we determined the effect of dietary fats and fibers on rat colonic epithelial cell phospholipid mass and composition and on two metabolic products of phospholipids, prostaglandins and diacylglycerol (DAG). In a 3 x 3 factorial design, groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of nine experimental diets for 3 wk: three types of fat at 15 g/100 g (beef tallow, corn oil or fish oil) x two types of fiber (pectin or cellulose) or fiber-free as a control group. Dietary treatment did not alter phospholipid or DAG mass, although the fatty acid compositions of membrane phospholipids and DAG were altered by dietary treatment. Arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)] and elcosapentaenoic acid [20:5(n-3)] in colonic mucosal phospholipid and DAG were associated with higher and lower indices of cell proliferation, respectively. These correlations were specific for the distal colon, which was the principle site of dietary fat effects on cell proliferation. Prostaglandin E and prostacyclin synthesis in colonic mucosa and muscle was significantly lower in fish oil-fed compared with beef tallow- and corn oil-fed animals (by 46–90%, P < 0.001), in both the proximal and distal colon. Correlations between prostaglandin production and cell proliferation, however, were significant only in the distal colon. These data raise the possibility that dietary fat and fiber may modulate intracellular events related to cell proliferation via their effects on epithelial cell phospholipid fatty acid composition, and subsequently on prostaglandin production and DAG composition.

KEY WORDS: • diacylglycerol • prostaglandin • dietary fiber • dietary fat • rats • colon

¹ Portions of this study were presented at the Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, April 1992, Anaheim, CA [Lee, D. Y., Chapkin, R. S. & Lupton, J. R. (1992) Dietary modulation of biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis: interactive effect of different types of fiber and fat. FASEB J. 6: A1494 (abs.)].

² Supported by a grant from The American Institute for Cancer Research.

³ The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 USC section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

⁴ To whom correspondence should be addressed.

Manuscript received 5 March 1993. Revision accepted 14 July 1993.

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