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* Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
The authors investigated the association of diet and other factors with the plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in a sample of 121 men and 186 women participating in two prospective investigations of dietary etiologies of chronic diseases. Lycopene (mean concentration, 0.82 µmol/L in men, 0.76 µmol/L in women), ß-carotene (mean 0.46 µmol/L in men, 0.58 µmol/L in women) and lutein (mean 0.28 µmol/L in men, 0.27 µmol/L in women) were the major circulating carotenoids. Among nonsmokers, dietary carotenoid, as typically calculated in epidemiologic studies, was significantly correlated with plasma ß-carotene (r = 0.34 in men, r = 0.30 in women), 
-carotene (r = 0.52 in men, r = 0.37 in women) and lutein (r = 0.36 in men, r = 0.19 in women), but not with plasma zeaxanthin (r = 0.11 and r = 0.02) or lycopene (r = 0.13 and r = 0.01) after adjusting for plasma cholesterol and triglycerides, body mass index and energy intake. Total vitamin E intake was positively associated with plasma concentrations of -tocopherol (r = 0.51 in men, r = 0.41 in women) and inversely associated with plasma concentrations of 
-tocopherol (r = -0.51 in men r = -0.42 in women), but this was primarily due to use of vitamin E supplements. Measurements of specific carotenoids can provide independent information beyond the usual calculation of carotene intake in epidemiologic studies.
KEY WORDS: • carotenoids • tocopherols • vitamin A • vitamin E • humans
1 Supported by Research Grant HL35464 from the National Institute of Health. Graham Colditz was supported by a Faculty Research Award (FRA 398) from the American Cancer Society.
2 To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Manuscript received 24 October 1991. Revision accepted 20 May 1992.
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