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Changes in Serum and Lipoprotein Fatty Acids of Growing Rats Fed Protein-Deficient Diets with Low or Adequate Linolenic Acid Concentrations¹

Unité de Recherches de Nutrition Cellulaire et Métabolique, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, BP 138, 21004 Dijon Cedex, France

The effects of a protein-deficient diet associated with sunflower oil [adequate in 18:2(n-6), poor in 18:3(n-3)] or soybean oil [adequate in both 18:2(n-6) and 18:3(n-3)] on lipid serum and lipoprotein compositions were studied in growing rats. Four groups of rats were fed different diets: SFC (20% casein + 5% sunflower oil); SFd (2% casein + 5% sunflower oil); SC (20% casein + 5% soybean oil); Sd (2% casein + 5% soybean oil). After 28 d, both protein-deficient groups exhibited low concentrations of protein, phospholipid, triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in serum and VLDL. Compared with rats fed 20% casein diets, those fed low protein diets had lower 18:2(n-6) and 20:4(n-6) in phospholipids of serum, VLDL and HDL_2–3, and the 20:4(n-6)/18:2(n-6) ratio was twofold higher in triacylglycerols of serum and VLDL. In the SFd-fed group, 22:5(n-6) was higher than in the SFC-fed group for both triacylglycerols and phospholipids in overall lipoprotein fractions studied. In addition, the 20:3(n-9)/20:4(n-6) ratio was 0.1 in HDL_2–3 phospholipids of the SFd-fed group. Sunflower oil-fed rats compared with soybean oil-fed rats had greater monounsaturated fatty acids and lower total (n-3) fatty acids in both triacylglycerols and phospholipids of serum, VLDL and HDL_2–3, as well as lower total (n-6) fatty acids in serum and VLDL triacylglycerols. Apolipoproteins (apo) of VLDL were drastically depressed in rats fed protein-deficient diets, whereas apo-A_I of HDL_2–3 showed a particular resistance. Likewise, sunflower oil-fed rats had enhanced apo-B₄₈ of VLDL and apo-C, apo-A_II and apo-A_IV of HDL_2–3. The present findings show that some effects of protein malnutrition were enhanced by -linolenic acid deficiency, in particular reduced (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acid bioavailability.

KEY WORDS: • linolenic acid deficiency • lipids • lipoproteins • protein deficiency • rats

¹ Supported by research grant 86 MES 25 from the Research and Development Ministry (Health and Development program) and also by the Ministry of Education (Biologie 86 program).

Manuscript received 10 February 1992. Revision accepted 23 June 1992.