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Outcome of Early Experience Studies as Affected by Between-Litter Variance¹

Department of Pediatrics and Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201

Studies of early experiences in animals in which the mother or the entire litter is manipulated often involve significant levels of between-litter variance. Such variance, if not accounted for either by analysis which considers litter as an independent source of variance, or by use of mean litter scores, may contribute to misleading treatment effects. This phenomenon is demonstrated for experiments utilizing analysis of variance procedures for data analysis.

KEY WORDS: • early experience • litter • statistics • handling • maternal • enriched environment • open-field • emotion

¹ Request for reprints should be sent to Carroll W. Hughes, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, Rolla, Missouri 65401.

Manuscript received 22 October 1976.