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Journal of Nutrition Vol. 101 No. 9 September 1971, pp. 1233-1240
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Gall Bladder Distension in Choline-deficient Chicks1,2,

Eli Seifter3,4,, Giuseppe Rettura4, Joseph Seifter5, Arnold Nagler4 and Stanley M. Levenson4

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, and New York Medical College, New York, New York 10029

Newly hatched chicks were fed high fat, choline-deficient or choline-supplemented diets for 7 days. At this time they were killed, gall bladders were excised and the bladder contents analyzed. It was observed that choline-deficient chicks exhibit marked distension of the gall bladder. Such chicks would vomit when disturbed. The effect of choline deficiency on the gall bladder status of chicks was interpreted as a dysfunction of this organ secondary to decreased cholinergic activity of the autonomic nervous system. Bladder bile of deficient chicks had a higher concentration of bilirubin but not of calcium or cholesterol as compared to the bile of supplemented chicks. The feeding of cholesterol to choline-deficient chicks further elevated the bilirubin content of the bile without producing additional changes in the bile. The feeding of cholesterol to both deficient and supplemented chicks caused an elevation of serum cholesterol, the rise being greater in the supplemented birds. This latter finding is similar to that seen in weanling rats subjected to the same dietary treatment.

1 A preliminary report of this work was presented at the FASEB meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1970

2 Supported in part by NIH Grants 5-P01-AM05664 and IR01 GM 17423 and an NIH Career Research Award 5-K6-GM-14, 208-08, to S. M. Levenson.

3 Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

4 Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

5 Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College.

Manuscript received 25 March 1971.




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