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FIGURE 2  Intracellular leucine concentrations influence protein synthesis (solid lines), including translation initiation factors eIF4E, rpS6, and eIF4G and elongation factor eEF2, and energy metabolism (dashed lines) through BCKDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and insulin release from the ß-cell of the pancreas. Arrows indicate stimulation, and blocked lines indicate inhibition.